GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) in Children

What is GERD in children?

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) is a long-term (chronic) digestive disorder. It happens when stomach contents flow back up (reflux) into the food pipe (esophagus) and cause symptoms or problems.

GERD is a more serious and long-lasting form of gastroesophageal reflux (GER).

GER is common in babies under 2 years old. Most babies spit up a few times a day during their first 3 months. GER does not often cause any problems in babies. In most cases, babies outgrow this by the time they are 12 to 14 months old.

It's also common for children and teens ages 2 to 19 to have GER from time to time. This doesn’t always mean they have GERD.

When GER becomes GERD

Your baby, child, or teen may have GERD if:

Your baby’s symptoms prevent them from feeding. These symptoms may include vomiting, gagging, coughing, and trouble breathing.
Your baby has GER for more than 12 to 14 months
Your child or teen has GER more than 2 times a week, for a few months

What causes GERD in a child?

GERD is often caused by something that affects the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The LES is a muscle at the bottom of the food pipe (esophagus). It opens to let food into the stomach. It closes to keep food in the stomach. When the LES relaxes too often or for too long, stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. This causes vomiting or heartburn.

Everyone has reflux from time to time. If you have ever burped and had an acid taste in your mouth, you have had reflux. Sometimes the LES relaxes at the wrong times. Often your child will just have a bad taste in their mouth. Or they may have a short, mild feeling of heartburn.

Babies are more likely to have a weak LES. This makes the LES relax when it should stay shut. As food or milk is digesting, the LES opens. It lets the stomach contents go back up to the esophagus. Sometimes the stomach contents go all the way up the esophagus. Then the baby or child vomits. In other cases, the stomach contents only go part of the way up the esophagus. This causes heartburn or breathing problems. In some cases, there are no symptoms at all.

Some foods seem to affect the muscle tone of the LES. They let the LES stay open longer than normal. These foods include:

Chocolate
Peppermint
High-fat foods

Other foods can bring on symptoms because they are acidic. These foods include:

Citrus foods
Tomatoes and tomato sauces

Other things that may lead to GERD include:

Being obese
Medicines, including some antihistamines, antidepressants, and pain medicines
Being around secondhand smoke or using nicotine products (including vaping)

Which children are at risk for GERD?

GER is very common during a baby’s first year of life. It often goes away on its own. Your child is more at risk for GERD if they have:

Down syndrome
Neuromuscular disorders, such as muscular dystrophy and cerebral palsy

What are the symptoms of GERD in a child?

Heartburn, or acid indigestion, is the most common symptom of GERD. Heartburn is described as a burning chest pain. It begins behind the breastbone and moves up to the neck and throat. It can last as long as 2 hours or even longer. It's often worse after eating. Lying down or bending over after a meal can also lead to heartburn.

Children younger than age 12 will often have different GERD symptoms. They will have a dry cough, asthma symptoms, or trouble swallowing. They won’t have classic heartburn.

Each child may have different symptoms. Common symptoms of GERD include:

Burping or belching
Not eating
Having stomach pain or chest pain
Being fussy around mealtimes
Vomiting often
Having hiccups
Gagging
Choking
Coughing often
Having coughing fits at night

Other symptoms may include:

Wheezing
Getting colds often
Getting ear infections often
Having a rattling in the chest
Having a sore throat in the morning
Having a sour taste in the mouth
Having bad breath
Loss or decay of tooth enamel

GERD symptoms may seem like other health problems. Make sure your child sees their healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

How is GERD diagnosed in a child?

Your child's healthcare provider will do a physical exam and take a health history. Other tests may include:

Chest X-ray. An X-ray can check for signs that stomach contents have moved into the lungs. This is called aspiration.
Upper GI series or barium swallow. This test looks at the organs of the top part of your child’s digestive system. It checks the food pipe (esophagus), the stomach, and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). Your child will swallow a metallic fluid called barium. Barium coats the organs so that they can be seen on an X-ray. Then X-rays are taken to check for signs of sores (ulcers) or abnormal blockages.
Endoscopy. This test checks the inside of part of the digestive tract. It uses a small, flexible tube called an endoscope. It has a light and a camera lens at the end. Tissue samples from inside the digestive tract may also be taken for testing.
Esophageal manometry. This test checks the strength of the esophagus muscles. It can see if your child has any problems with reflux or swallowing. A small tube is put into your child’s nostril, then down the throat and into the esophagus. Then it measures the pressure that the esophageal muscles make at rest.
pH monitoring. This test checks the pH or acid level in the esophagus. A thin, plastic tube is placed into your child’s nostril, down the throat, and into the esophagus. The tube has a sensor that measures pH level. The other end of the tube outside your child’s body is attached to a small monitor. This records your child’s pH levels for 24 to 48 hours. During this time your child can go home and do their normal activities. You will need to keep a diary of any symptoms your child feels that may be linked to reflux. These include gagging or coughing. You should also keep a record of the time, type of food, and amount of food they eat. Your child’s pH readings are checked. They are compared to their activity for that time period.
Gastric emptying study. This test is done to see if your child’s stomach sends its contents into the small intestine correctly. Delayed gastric emptying can cause reflux into the esophagus.

How is GERD treated in a child?

Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is and the underlying cause.

Diet and lifestyle changes

In many cases, diet and lifestyle changes can help to ease GERD. Talk with your child’s healthcare provider about changes you can make. Here are some tips to better manage GERD symptoms.

For babies:

After feedings, hold your baby in an upright position for 30 minutes.
If bottle-feeding, keep the nipple filled with milk. This way your baby won’t swallow too much air while eating. Try different nipples. Find one that lets your baby's mouth make a good seal with the nipple during feeding.
Adding rice cereal to bottles may be helpful for some babies. Only do this if your healthcare provider advises it for your child.
Burp your baby a few times during bottle-feeding or breastfeeding. Your child may reflux more often when burping with a full stomach.

For children:

Watch your child's food intake. Limit fried and fatty foods, peppermint, chocolate, drinks with caffeine such as sodas and tea, citrus fruit and juices, and tomato products.
Offer your child smaller portions at mealtimes. Add small snacks between meals if they are hungry. Don’t let your child overeat. Let them tell you when they are hungry or full.
If your child is overweight, contact their provider to set weight-loss goals.
Serve the evening meal early, at least 3 hours before bedtime.

Other things to try:

Ask your child's provider to review your child’s medicines. Some may irritate the lining of the stomach or esophagus.
Don’t let your child lie down or go to bed right after a meal.
Always check with your baby’s provider before raising the head of the crib if they have been diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux. Place all babies, including babies with GERD, on their backs for all sleeping until they are 1 year old. This is for safety reasons and to reduce the risk for SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths.

Medicines and other treatments

Your child’s healthcare provider may also advise other choices.

Medicines

Your child's provider may prescribe medicines to help with reflux. There are medicines that help reduce the amount of acid the stomach makes. This reduces the heartburn linked to reflux. These medicines may include:

H2-blockers. These reduce the amount of acid the stomach makes by blocking the hormone histamine. Histamine helps to make acid.
Proton pump inhibitors. These help keep the stomach from making acid. They do this by stopping the stomach's acid pump from working.

The provider may prescribe another type of medicine that helps the stomach empty faster if it's clear that your child has a stomach-emptying delay. If food doesn’t stay in the stomach as long as normal, reflux may be less likely to occur.

Calorie supplements

Some babies with reflux can’t gain weight because they vomit often. If this is the case, your child's healthcare provider may suggest:

Adding rice cereal to baby formula
Giving your baby more calories by adding a prescribed supplement
Changing formula to milk-free or soy-free formula if your baby may have an allergy

Tube feedings

In some cases, tube feedings may be advised. Some babies with reflux have other conditions that make them tired. These include congenital heart disease or being born too early (premature). These babies often get sleepy after they eat or drink a little. Other babies vomit after having a normal amount of formula. These babies do better if they are constantly fed a small amount of formula.

In both of these cases, tube feedings may be suggested. Formula or breastmilk is given through a tube that is placed in the nose. This is called a nasogastric tube. The tube is then put through the food pipe or esophagus, and into the stomach. Your baby can have a tube feeding in addition to a bottle feeding. Or a tube feeding may be done instead of a bottle feeding. There are also tubes that can be used to go around, or bypass, the stomach. These are called nasoduodenal tubes.

Surgery

In severe cases of reflux, surgery called fundoplication may be done. Your baby’s provider may advise this choice if your child is not gaining weight because of vomiting, has frequent breathing problems, or has severe irritation in the esophagus. This is often done as a laparoscopic surgery. This method has less pain and a faster recovery time. Small cuts (incisions) are made in your child’s belly. A small tube with a camera on the end is placed into 1 of the incisions to look inside. The surgical tools are put through the other incisions. The surgeon looks at a video screen to see the stomach and other organs. The top part of the stomach is wrapped around the esophagus. This creates a tight band. This strengthens the LES and greatly decreases reflux.

What are possible complications of GERD in a child?

Some babies and children who have GERD may not vomit. But their stomach contents may still move up the food pipe (esophagus) and spill over into the windpipe (trachea). This can cause asthma or pneumonia.

The vomiting that affects many babies and children with GERD can cause problems with weight gain and poor nutrition. Over time, when stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, it can also lead to:

Inflammation of the esophagus, called esophagitis
Sores or ulcers in the esophagus, which can be painful and may bleed
A lack of red blood cells, from bleeding sores (anemia)

How can I help my child live with GERD?

Many babies who vomit outgrow it by the time they are about 1 year old. This happens as the LES gets stronger. For other children, taking medicines and making lifestyle and diet changes can reduce reflux, vomiting, and heartburn.

When should I call my child's healthcare provider?

Call you child's healthcare provider if your baby or child:

Has reflux and is not gaining weight
Has signs of asthma or pneumonia. These include coughing, wheezing, or trouble breathing.
Has vomiting that continues or is vomiting blood

Key points about GERD in children

GERD is a long-term (chronic) digestive disorder.
GERD is a more serious and long-lasting form of gastroesophageal reflux (GER). GER is common in babies under 2 years old. Most babies spit up a few times a day during their first 3 months. GER does not often cause any problems in babies.
It happens when stomach contents come back up into the food pipe (esophagus).
Heartburn or acid indigestion is the most common symptom of GERD.
Vomiting can cause problems with weight gain and poor nutrition.
In many cases, GERD can be eased by diet and lifestyle changes.
Sometimes medicines, tube feedings, or surgery may be needed.

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your child’s healthcare provider:

Know the reason for the visit and what you want to happen.
Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new directions your provider gives you for your child.
Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help your child. Also know what the side effects are and when they should be reported.
Ask if your child’s condition can be treated in other ways.
Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
Know what to expect if your child does not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
If your child has a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
Know how you can contact your child’s provider after office hours. This is important if your child becomes ill and you have questions or need advice.